Under the hypothesis that the stratification of soil properties under direct seeding conditions (SD) modifies P sorption parameters, the objectives of this work were: i) to estimate P sorption parameters by using Langmuir isotherms in samples of different depth, extracted from fields under continuous direct seeding; (ii) to analyze the similarities and differences between the parameters obtained; and (iii) to identify the relationship between the edaphic properties of the surface stratum and the estimated parameters. Soil samples of 0 to 5 and 0 to 20 cm were equilibrated with solutions with increasing concentrations of P. From the relationship between the adsorbed P and the concentration of P in equilibrium, the maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) and the retention affinity constant (k) were estimated. The higher Qmax and the low k of 0 to 5 cm samples show that there is a distinct behaviour in the first centimeters of depth. In that layer the bioavailability of P and the residuality of the applied fertilizers are regulated by adsorption phenomena responding to the presence of organic colloids, which are accumulated by the stratification associated with SD.

Bajo la hipótesis que señala que en condiciones de siembra directa (SD) la estratificación de las propiedades edáficas modifica los parámetros de sorción de fósforo (P), se plantearon como objetivos de este trabajo: i) estimar los parámetros de sorción P mediante uso de isotermas de Langmuir en muestras de distinta profundidad provenientes de lotes de cultivo bajo SD continua; ii) analizar las similitudes y diferencias entre los parámetros obtenidos; y iii) identificar la relación entre las propiedades edáficas del estrato superficial y los parámetros estimados. Se equilibraron muestras de suelo de 0 a 5 y 0 a 20 cm con soluciones de concentración creciente en P. A partir de la relación entre el P adsorbido y la concentración de P en equilibrio se estimó la capacidad máxima de adsorción (Qmax) y la constante de afinidad de retención (k). El mayor Qmax y la baja k de las muestras de 0 a 5 cm demuestran que existe un comportamiento diferencial de los primeros centímetros de profundidad. En ese espesor la biodisponibilidad de P y la residualidad de los fertilizantes aplicados están reguladas por fenómenos de adsorción por parte de los coloides orgánicos, acumulados por el proceso de su estratificación asociado a la SD.

Introduction: On-line haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is currently the most effective technique and several randomised studies and meta-analyses have seen a reduction in mortality and an association directly related with convective volume is observed. Blood flow (Qb) limits the infusion rate to 25-33 % and is the main limiting factor for reaching an optimum substitution volume. With the recent incorporation of monitors with auto-substitution systems, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of Qb variations on convective volume and purifying capacity. Material and Methods: 23 patients, 17 men and 6 women, were included, with an average age of 65.5 ±10 years, time on dialysis 292.2 ± 15 minutes, which were in the OL-HDF programme with the 5008 Cordiax monitor with auto-substitution. Each patient was analysed over 5 sessions in which only the Qb was changed (250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 ml/min). In each session the substitution volume, total convective volume and parameters of dialysis were measured. The concentration of urea (60 Da), creatinine (113 Da), β2-microglobulin (11,800 Da), myoglobin (17,200 Da), prolactin (23,000 Da), α1-microglobulin (33,000 Da) and α1-acid glycoprotein (40,000 Da) in plasma was measured at the start and end of each session in order to calculate the percentage of reduction of these solutes. Results: The trans-membrane pressure was less, with Qb 250 ml/min. A significant increase in convective volume was observed with the increase in Qb, 23.7, 26.9, 30.2, 32.8 and 35.2 l/session to 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 ml/min, respectively (P < 0.001), representing a percentage of total purified blood of 33.2, 31.2, 30.2, 28.7 and 27.3 % respectively. The percentages of reduction of urea and creatine progressively increased with Qb, slight differences were observed with β2-microglobulin and myoglobin, and no changes were observed in the larger molecules. Conclusion: For each 50 ml/min increase in Qb, the convective volume increased by between 8 and 12 ml/min. The auto-substitution system strengthens the lowest Qbs in the percentage of convective volume with regards to total purified blood. Qb increases the purifying capacity of small molecules, favouring that of β2-microglobulin and myoglobin, and does not influence molecules of a greater molecular weight.

Introducción: La hemodiafiltración on-line (HDF-OL) es actualmente la técnica más efectiva y varios estudios aleatorizados y metaanálisis han visto una reducción de la mortalidad, observándose una asociación en relación directa con el volumen convectivo. El flujo de sangre (Qb) limita el flujo de infusión al 25-33 % y constituye el principal factor limitante para alcanzar un volumen de sustitución óptimo. Con la reciente incorporación de monitores con sistema de autosustitución, el objetivo del estudio fue valorar el efecto de las variaciones del Qb sobre el volumen convectivo y la capacidad depurativa. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 23 pacientes, 17 varones y 6 mujeres, con una edad media de 65,5 ± 10 años, tiempo de diálisis 292,2 ± 15 min, que se encontraban en programa de HDF-OL con monitor 5008 Cordiax con autosustitución. Cada paciente fue analizado en cinco sesiones en las que solo se varió el Qb (250, 300, 350, 400 y 450 ml/min). En cada sesión se determinaron el volumen de sustitución, el volumen convectivo total y los parámetros de diálisis. Se determinó la concentración de urea (60 Da), creatinina (113 Da), β2-microglobulina (11 800 Da), mioglobina (17 200 Da), prolactina (23 000 Da), α1-microglobulina (33 000 Da) y α1-glicoproteína ácida (40 000 Da) en plasma al inicio y al final de cada sesión para calcular el porcentaje de reducción de estos solutos. Resultados: La presión transmembrana fue inferior con Qb 250 ml/min. Se observó un aumento significativo del volumen convectivo con el incremento del Qb, 23,7, 26,9, 30,2, 32,8 y 35,2 l/sesión a 250, 300, 350, 400 y 450 ml/min, respectivamente (P < 0,001), representando un porcentaje de la sangre total depurada del 33,2, 31,2, 30,2, 28,7 y 27,3 %, respectivamente. Los porcentajes de reducción de urea y creatinina aumentaron progresivamente con el Qb, se observaron ligeras diferencias con la β2-microglobulina y la mioglobina, y no se observaron cambios en las grandes moléculas. Conclusión: Por cada 50 ml/min de aumento del Qb el volumen convectivo aumenta entre 8 y 12 ml/min. El sistema de autosustitución potencia los Qb más bajos en el porcentaje del volumen convectivo respecto a la sangre total depurada. El Qb aumenta la capacidad depurativa de las moléculas pequeñas, favorece la de la β2-microglobulina y la mioglobina, y no influye en moléculas de superior peso molecular.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes serious invasive illness, mainly in certain well-defined high-risk groups, including immunocompromised patients, pregnant women and neonates. L. monocytogenes primarily causes abortion, septicaemia or infections of the central nervous systems. Listeriosis outbreaks have mostly been linked to consumption of raw milk or cheese made of unpasteurized milk. Previous outbreaks of listeriosis have been linked to a variety of foods especially processed meats (such as hot dogs, deli meats, and páté). The public health importance of listeriosis is not always recognized, particularly since listeriosis is a relatively rare disease compared with other common foodborne illnesses such as salmonellosis or botulism. However, because of its high case fatality rate, listeriosis ranks among the most frequent causes of death due to foodborne illness: second after salmonellosis. Changes in the manner food is produced, distributed and stored have created the potential for widespread outbreaks involving many countries. The pasteurization of raw milk, which destroys L. monocytogenes, does not eliminate later risk ofL. monocytogenes contamination in dairy producís. Extensive work has been ongoing in many countries during the last decade to prevent outbreaks and decrease the incidence of listeriosis. A marked reduction has occurred in its incidence in some of these countries during the 1990s, suggesting a relationship between preventive measures and reduction on human cases listeriosis.

Listeria monocytogenes es un patógeno que cuando se encuentra en los alimentos, puede causar serias enfermedades, principalmente en grupos de alto riesgo como inmunocomprometidos, mujeres embarazadas y neonatos. Listeria monocytogenes es una importante causa de abortos, septicemia o infección del SNC. Antiguamente, los brotes se vinculaban con una gran variedad de alimentos, especialmente carnes procesadas (salchichas, paté, productos precocidos); en la actualidad, la mayoría se vinculan al consumo de leche cruda o quesos elaborados con leche sin pasteurizar. La importancia de la listeriosis para la salud pública no siempre es reconocida, sobre todo porque es una enfermedad relativamente rara, en comparación con otras más comunes como la salmonelosis. Sin embargo, debido a su alta tasa de letalidad, la listeriosis se encuentra entre las causas más frecuentes de muerte por enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos ocupando la segunda posición, después de la salmonelosis. Los cambios en la forma de producción, almacenamiento y distribución de los alimentos han propiciado diversos brotes. En las últimas décadas, muchos países han encaminado intensos trabajos hacia la prevención de la listeriosis; la notable reducción de su incidencia en la década del '90, sugiere una relación positiva con las medidas implementadas.

Foodborne botulism is caused by ingestión of a preformed toxin produced in food by C. botulinum. The most frequent source is home-canned foods, in which spores that survive an inadequate cooking and canning process germinate, reproduce, and produce this toxin in the anaerobic environment of the canned food. From 1992 to 2003, 34 cases of food-borne cases and 275 cases of infant botulism were reported in Argentina. The severity of symptoms depends on the amount of toxin ingested. Mild cases may not seek medical attention at all. A patient presenting only nausea and mild neurological symptoms may not raise the physician's attention and therefore the case will not be reported. It is important to make physicians aware of this potentially fatal disease. In Argentina, most botulism cases are related to home-canned food. Therefore, botulism can be prevented through the education of consumers in order to discourage the consumption of that kind of food

La causa más frecuente de botulismo de los alimentos es la elaboración y consumo de conservas caseras, que son procesadas de manera inapropiada, creando un ambiente anaeróbico que favorece la supervivencia de las esporas, su germinación, reproducción y síntesis de toxina. Entre 1992 y 2003, se han notificado en Argentina 34 casos de botulismo transmitido por alimentos y 275 casos de botulismo infantil. La gravedad de los síntomas depende de la ingesta de esporas viables por el paciente. Formas leves de botulismo pueden no requerir asistencia médica en absoluto, por lo que si un paciente presenta sólo náuseas y ligeros síntomas neurológicos, existe la posibilidad de que un caso de botulismo pueda no ser diagnosticado. En Argentina, la mayoría de los casos de botulismo se relacionan con alimentos de preparación casera. Es importante para la prevención, educar a los consumidores, desincentivando la ingesta de este tipo de alimentos

The aims of this work were: i) to determine to what extent the phosphorus sources and the mixtures with urea affect P bioavailability, ii) to test interaction of urea/phosphate- source effects, and iii) to test the effect of urea on the native P of the soil . The experiment was performed in a Santa Isabel Typic Hapludoll (soil organic matter: 29 g kg-1; pH: 6.1; extractable P: 12.4 mg kg-1; and total P: 446 mg kg-1; CBM 35.8 L kg-1). Fertilization assays of wheat with two phosphate sources were carried out: monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate in rates of 0. 9 and 17 kg P/ha, in physical mixtures with urea in rates of 0. 19 and 37 kg N/ha. It was concluded that in the soil tested, the use of urea causes no effects on the native phosphorus in the application band. Besides, the availability of the applied phosphorus varies with the dose and phosphate source used: the application of monoammonium phosphate increases the bioavailability of the nutrient in this soil, in relation to the same rates of diammonium phosphate. When compared to pure phosphate applications, the use of mixtures of phosphate fertilizers with low doses of urea increases the bioavailability of the nutrient for wheat.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: i) determinar en qué medida las fuentes fosfatadas y sus mezclas con urea afectan la biodisponibilidad de P, ii) analizar los efectos de interacción urea/fuente fosfatada, y iii) analizar el efecto de la urea sobre el P nativo del suelo. El experimento se condujo en un Hapludol típico Serie Santa Isabel (pH 6,1; 29 g kg-1 de materia orgánica; 12,4 mg kg-1 de P extractable; P total, 446 mg kg-1; MBC 35,8 L kg-1). Se hicieron ensayos de fertilización de trigo con dos fuentes fosfatadas: fosfato monoamónico y fosfato diamónico en dosis de 0, 9 y 17 kg P/ha, en mezclas físicas con urea en dosis de 0, 19 y 37 kg N/ha. Se concluyó que la aplicación de urea no causa efectos sobre los tenores de fósforo nativo en la zona de aplicación. Además, la disponibilidad del fósforo aplicado varía con la dosis y fuente fosfatada utilizada: la aplicación de fosfato monoamónico aumenta significativamente la biodisponibilidad del nutriente en este suelo, con respecto al fosfato diamónico. La utilización de mezclas de fertilizantes fosfatados, con bajas dosis de urea, aumenta la biodisponibilidad del nutriente para el trigo, con relación a las aplicaciones fosfatadas puras.

A number of risk factors have been mentioned, in epileptic patients, as determinants of both the development of psychopathological disorders, and the prognosis of the seizure disorders itself. These factors include: age of onset of epilepsy, seizure type, coexistence of more than one type of seizure, secondary effects of anticonvulsants, presence of organic brain damage, hereditary forms of epilepsy, and environmental factors. Psychosocial evaluation may report the level of social adjustment in epileptic patients. In this paper we report the assessment of psychosocial functioning in a group of epileptic patients referred from public primary health care. Patients were assessed using the Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory (WPSI), a tool specifically tailored for the evaluation of epileptic patients. The use of WPSI showed that patients attending public primary health care facilities present a wide range of psychosocial disorders, comparable to patients coming from the, also public, Psychiatric Institute of Santiago, and with patients coming from lower class attending the Chilean League Against Epilepsy. No significant differences were found among these groups. Belonging to lower class seems to play an important role in psychosocial functioning in epileptic patients

Diversos factores de riesgo han sido señalados en la aparición de psicopatología y evolución desfavorable en la epilepsia. Como tales se incluyen la edad de comienzo de la enfremedad, el tipo de crisis, la presencia simultánea de diversos tipos de crisis, el daño orgánico cerebral, el uso de fármacos con efectos laterales deletéreos, la presencia de crisis hereditarias de mal pronóstico, a los que deben agregarse los factores ambientales. La evaluación del desempeño psicosocial de los sujetos con epilepsia proporciona información acerca de la influencia de estos factores en la adaptación social de los individuos portadores de esta enfermedad. Con la finalidad de obtener un perfil en la adaptación al medio social de los consultantes en el nivel primario de atención de salud se aplicó a un grupo de ellos el Inventario Psicosocial de Crisis de Washington, test específicamente diseñado para sujetos con epilepsia. Los resultados obtenidos señalan una deficiente adaptación de estos pacientes, mostrando cifras similares con aquellos provenientes de otro servicio estatal como el Instituto Psiquiátrico de Santiago y con los pertenecientes a estratos socioeconómicos bajos. Esta última variable impresiona jugar un rol de relevancia en los sujetos portadores de epilepsia

A Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis of the mixed phosphine complexes Au(PPh3)(Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2)X shows a clear trend in the metal geometry as the anion X- is varied: the softer the anion, the more it is tetrahedral, or alternatively, the more ionic the complex, the more the complex geometry approaches trigonal planar. A strong (soft) donor as cyanide (X- = CN-) penetrates markedly the coordination sphere and establishes the most tetrahedral geometry. In the antitumor compound Au(PPh3)(Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2)Cl (X- = Cl-), the weaker donor chloride is slightly displaced from the coordination sphere with consequent strengthening of Au-P bonds, thus stabilizing a more pyramidal geometry. If the anion is completely out of the coordination sphere, the cation [Au(PPh3)(Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2)]+ shows further strengthening of Au-P bonds and a geometry very close to the trigonal planar "AuP3" system. X-ray and DFT data for Au(PPh3)(Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2)Cl show generally good agreement; however, in the crystal the Au-Cl bond appears lengthened with consequent strong Au-P bonds. This is probably due to packing effects; nevertheless, the X-ray structure agrees with the trend mentioned above as well.

El análisis estructural teórico (Density Functional Theory, DFT) de los complejos de coordinación Au(PPh3)(Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2)X muestra diferentes propiedades al variar el anion X-. Para aniones "blandos", por ejemplo X- = CN-, la geometria es tetraédrica y el anión está fuertemente unido al metal. En cambio para un anión fuera de la esfera de coordinación, el catión[Au(PPh3)(Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2)]+ posee las uniones Au-P más fuertes y la geometria alrededor del metal es trigonal planar. Una configuración intermedia se verifica en el complejo antitumoral Au(PPh3)(Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2)Cl(X = Cl-), debido a que el Cl- es menos "blando" que el CN-. Los datos estructurales de difracción de rayos X y DFT del Au(PPh3)(Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2)Cl muestran buen acuerdo, a pesar de un alargamiento de la unión Au-Cl y el reforzamiento de las uniones Au-P en el cristal. La estructura cristalográfica también sigue la tendencia descripta por los datos de DFT.

A bacia do Guaratuba situa-se no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar com cabeceiras no Planalto Atlântico. Apresenta rochas gnáissicas em relevo de morros paralelos, declives acentuados e vegetação de Mata Atlântica, localmente de porte baixo, com clima tropical úmido e precipitação maior que 2.000 mm ano-1, sem estação seca. Há predomínio de Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelos (Podzólicos) e Cambissolos Háplicos (Cambissolos), com indícios de hidromorfismo. Nesse setor, em uma seqüência transversal à linha de maior declive de uma vertente, estudou-se uma associação Espodossolo Ferrocárbico hidromórfico típico álico (podzol hidromórfico) (ESg) e Gleissolo Háplico Tb distrófico típico álico ou não (glei pouco húmico) (GXbd), assentada sobre seixos rolados e alteração do gnaisse, por meio de estudos detalhados em uma toposseqüência, definindo-se um sentido de evolução para esses solos. Os solos da área em posição elevada e paralela ao fundo do vale, bem como sua composição de seixos e areias de quartzo/quartzito, levam a propor origem de deposição fluvial em antiga várzea, hoje suspensa como terraço. Nessa associação, ocorre uma transformação Espodossolo em Gleissolo, evidenciando que os solos desenvolveram-se dependentes de ambientes sucessivos, relacionados com a presença de vegetação florestal densa (matéria orgânica ácida) e de clima quente e úmido em um clima anterior, provavelmente com estação seca de início (formação do ESg), seguido de clima atual sem estação seca (maior umidade-gleização, formação do GXbd), sendo pouco relacionados com modificações dos materiais originários (seixos e gnaisses).

The Guaratuba watershed is located at the "Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar" and has its headwaters in the Atlantic plateau. The area has a gneissic bedrock in a parallel hilly relief with high slope gradient, covered by the Atlantic forest consisting mostly of low size trees. The climate is humid tropical with rainfall of 2,000 mm year-1, with no dry season. The predominant soils are Red Yellow Argisol (Typic Kandiudults or Paleudults and Typic or Lithic Hapludults) and Haplic Cambisol (Typic Dystropepts or Typic Haplumbrepts) with redoximorphic features. In this area, in a right angle transverse by across the greatest slope gradient, the association of Ferrocarbic Espodosol (Arenic Haplaquods or Typic Haplorthods) and Haplic Gleisol (Typic Haplaquents) laid over gneiss-altered material was studied as well as pebbles of fluvial origin and sands. The soils' evolution was also studied in detail along the topographic sequence. The soils of the area on a higher position and parallel to the bottom of the valley bottom, and the quartzose composition of the pebbles and sands indicate a fluvial deposition origin from a former fluvial plain that occurs today as an elevated terrace. These observations indicate that the soils were developed due to a succession of different environments, a dense forest vegetation (acid organic matter) and humid and hot climate, probably with dry season, in the beginning (Arenic Haplaquods or Typic Haplorthods development) followed by one with no dry season (greater humidity, Typic Haplaquents development), less dependent on parent material (pebbles and sands, and gneiss).

Foram estudadas duas toposseqüências na planície litorânea no rio Guaratuba (SP), definindo seqüência de evolução pedológica e de deposição/acumulação, utilizando a análise macromorfológica de solos por meio de tradagens. A primeira seqüência ilustra a transformação de Espodossolo Ferrocárbico (Podzol) sobre sedimentos arenosos marinhos para Organossolo (solo orgânico), enquanto a outra mostra a relação entre Gleissolo Háplico (solo glei pouco húmico) sobre sedimentos continentais e Espodossolo Ferrocárbico (Podzol) em sedimentos areno-quartzosos marinhos. A sedimentação marinha é representada por feixes de restinga arenosos, com zonas embaciadas, propiciando o desenvolvimento de Espodossolos nas partes altas e Organossolos nas partes baixas. Morros isolados inferiores à planície funcionaram como antigas zonas de balizamento desses feixes, que limitaram o sistema deposicional continental, definindo o material marinho como anterior ao continental, onde ocorreu um encaixamento da drenagem próximo ao contato.

Two toposequences on the coastal plain of Rio Guaratuba (SP) were studied to define the pedological and deposition/storage evolution by means of macromorphological soil analysis. The first sequence shows the change of a Podzol into organic soil on marine sandy sediments, whereas the second one shows the relationship of a Gley Soil on continental sediments with a Podzol soil on marine sediments. Marine sedimentation was found to form sandbanks with internal depression zones, which allowed the development of a Podzol in the highlands and Organosol on the lowlands. Isolated hills of the anterior coastline have acted as physical barriers to the marine sandbanks, thus limiting continental sedimentation; the drainage system was cut along the contact zone, suggesting that the marine deposits have preceded the continental deposits.

We report two males and one female, aged 71, 81 and 73 years old respectively, previously operated of a renal cell carcinoma. During the follow up of the 71 years old male, the CAT scan showed three lesions in the pancreas. Also, the CAT scan in the female showed one lesion in the tail of the pancreas. The 81 years old male was admitted to the emergency room due to a upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy showed a proliferating lesion in the second portion of the duodenum whose biopsy showed a clear cell carcinoma. The CAT scan showed also a tumoral mass in the head of the pancreas. All three patients were subjected to surgical resection of the tumors without postoperative complications or mortality (Rev Méd Chile 2001; 129: 86-90).

Realizaram-se o levantamento, a caracterização e o mapeamento da erosão, com o objetivo de definir a tipologia e a distribuição dos processos erosivos predominantes na microbacia do ribeirão Água da Cachoeira, com aproximadamente 3.700 ha, localizada no Planalto Ocidental Paulista. Através da fotointerpretação e de trabalhos de campo, delimitaram-se áreas com erosão laminar, erosão laminar e sulco raso, erosão em sulco profundo e ravina, e erosão em ravina profunda e voçoroca. Foram mapeadas quatro grandes voçorocas conectadas à rede de drenagem, oito extensas ravinas parcialmente vegetadas e diversas ravinas médias obliteradas, porém instáveis pela retomada da erosão. Há predominância de sulcos profundos e ravinas nas baixas vertentes em contato com a baixada fluvial e no talvegue das principais bacias de captação da drenagem pluvial. A origem de parte das ocorrências de sulcos rasos e de sulcos extensos, nas altas vertentes, é atribuída ao pisoteio do gado e, nas baixas vertentes, às áreas de bebedouros. As interpretações finais indicaram quatro grupos de áreas, distintas pelas diferenças de tipos de processos erosivos e pela sua localização.

With the objective of defining the typology and distribution of the predominant erosion processes in a “Água da Cachoeira” microwatershed, with 3.700 ha, located in the “Planalto Ocidental Paulista”, a survey, characterization and mapping of erosion was conducted. Areas with sheet erosion, sheet and rill erosion, deep rill and gully erosion, and badlands were delimited through photointerpretation and field work. Four large badlands connected to the drainage net, eight wide gullies with partial vegetation cover and several average gullies which were obliterated, but showed signs of retroerosion, were mapped. There is a predominance of deep rills and gullies in the low slopes in contact with the fluvial plan and in the main basin slope of the pluvial drainage impounding. The origin of the part of the occurrence of shallow rills and of the wide rills, in the high slope, is due to cattle trampling and, in the low slope, can be attributed to the place of cattle-watering. The final interpretation showed four distinct classes, differing from another by the type and areas of occurrence of the erosion processes.